The In vitro biological activity testing of Vitex doniana bark extract and Flueggea virosa root extract against Taenia solium metacestodes
Keywords:
Taenia solium, Flueggea virosa, in-vitro, Vitex doniana, and biological activity
Abstract
Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, is a foodborne parasite of global concern affecting more than 50 million people globally with more than 80% of these being in the developing world. Infection of the brain with larval stages (metacestodes) leads to neurocysticercosis, a leading cause of epilepsy in endemic areas of the world where pig rearing is common. People in pig rearing communities rely on local herbs for their primary health care. Exploring the use of these herbs as anthelminthics will give insights into the biological activity of locally available herbs and open up avenues for more research on local herbs. The objective of this study was to determine the in-vitro anthelminthic activity of locally used anti-parasitic herbs namely Vitex doniana bark extract and Flueggea virosa root extract against T. solium metacestodes. An experimental in-vitro study using intact T. solium metacestodes with full bladder walls was conducted to check for cysticidal activity of the locally available herbs of V. doniana bark extract and F. virosa outer root cover extract. Non-evagination of metacestodes at incubation, post-treatment was used as indicator of activity of the extract against the metacestode. Treatment with praziquantel was used as a positive control. The herbs (V. doniana and F. virosa) and drug extracts (Praziqauntel) were tested in five different concentrations. Vitex doniana at concentration of 50µg/ml resulted in evagination of 64%, while F. virosa had 52% at the same concentration. Vitex doniana and F. virosa showed a dose dependent response, in that the higher the dose the higher the biological activity. This study showed an association between T. solium metacestodes response to V. doniana and praziquantel (Chi square = 29.63 versus tabulated value 3.84) indicating that there was an association between exposure of metacestodes to the treatment of V. doniana and Praziquantel. The same was observed with F. virosa and praziquantel (Chi square = 42.28). Vitex doniana showed more biological activity than F. virosa, but both had at least biological activities above 50%. This shows that both herbs have potential to be anthelmintics against T. solium metacestodes, and are recommended to be explored further in animal models for activity against the adult tapeworm.References
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31. Nakhare S, Garg S. ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ARTEMISIA PALLENS WALL*. Ancient Science of life. 1991;10(3):185-6.
32. Szewezuk V, Mongelli ER, Pomilio AB. Antiparasitic activity of Melia azadirach growing in Argentina. Mol Med Chem. 2003;1(1):54-5.
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35. Demma J, Gebre-Mariam T, Asres K, Ergetie W, Engidawork E. Toxicological study on Glinus lotoides: a traditionally used taenicidal herb in Ethiopia. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2007;111(3):451-7.
36. Singh A, Mishra A, Chaudhary R, Kumar V. Role of herbal plants in prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases. J Sci Res. 2020;64(1):50-8.
2. Ndimubanzi PC, Carabin H, Budke CM, Nguyen H, Qian Y-J, Rainwater E, et al. A systematic review of the frequency of neurocyticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2010;4(11):e870.
3. Trevisan C, Devleesschauwer B, Schmidt V, Winkler AS, Harrison W, Johansen MV. The societal cost of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Tanzania. Acta tropica. 2017;165:141-54.
4. WHO. Investing to overcome the global impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: Third WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2015.
5. Nath P, Yadav A, K. Anthelmintic activity of a standardized extract from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus Linn. (Acoraceae) against experimentally induced cestodiasis in rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology. 2016:390-5.
6. Nath P, Yadav AK. Anthelmintic activity of a standardized extract from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus Linn.(Acoraceae) against experimentally induced cestodiasis in rats. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology. 2016;5(4):390.
7. Ishola IO, Agbaje EO, Adeyemi OO, Shukla R. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol root extracts of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants. Pharmaceutical biology. 2014;52(9):1208-16.
8. Ishola IO, Ochieng CO, Olayemi SO, Jimoh MO, Lawal SM. Potential of novel phytoecdysteroids isolated from Vitex doniana in the treatment depression: Involvement of monoaminergic systems. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2014;127:90-100.
9. Ishola IO, Ochieng CO, Olayemi SO, Jimoh MO, Lawal SM. Potential of novel phytoecdysteroids isolated from Vitex doniana in the treatment depression: Involvement of monoaminergic systems. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2014;127:90-100.
10. Suleiman MM, Yusuf S. Antidiarrheal Activity of the Fruits of Vitex doniana. in Laboratory Animals. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2008;46(6):387-92.
11. Mudi S. Naphthoquinolinone Derivative with Anti- Plasmodial Activity from Vitex doniana [Sweet] Stem Bark Extracts. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2012;4(2).
12. Dadjo C, Assogbadjo AE, Fandohan B, Kakaï RG, Chakeredza S, Houehanou TD, et al. Uses and management of black plum (Vitex doniana Sweet) in Southern Benin. Fruits. 2012;67(4):239-48.
13. Sifuma SWA. Vitex Doniana Sweet (verbanaceae): evaluation of pharmacological basis of use in traditional medicine. 2011.
14. Amuzat A, Ndatsu Y, Adisa M, Sulaiman R, Mohammed H, Yusuf A, et al. Anti-diarrhoeal Effects of Aqueous Extract of Vitex doniana Stem Bark in Castor Oil-induced Wistar Rats. Tanzania Journal of Science. 2020;46(3):723-32.
15. Al-Rehaily AJ, Yousaf M, Ahmad M, Samoylenko V, Li X-C, Muhammad I, et al. Chemical and Biological Study of Flueggea virosa Native to Saudi Arabia. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2015;51(1):187-8.
16. Singh SV, Manhas A, Kumar Y, Mishra S, Shanker K, Khan F, et al. Antimalarial activity and safety assessment of Flueggea virosa leaves and its major constituent with special emphasis on their mode of action. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2017;89:761-71.
17. Zhang H, Han Y-S, Wainberg MA, Yue J-M. Flueggethers B–D, Securinega alkaloids with rare oligomerizing pattern from Flueggea virosa. Tetrahedron Letters. 2016;57(16):1798-800.
18. Chao C-H, Cheng J-C, Shen D-Y, Wu T-S. Anti-hepatitis C virus dinorditerpenes from the roots of Flueggea virosa. Journal of natural products. 2014;77(1):22-8.
19. Chembensofu M, Mwape K, Van Damme I, Hobbs E, Phiri I, Masuku M, et al. Re-visiting the detection of porcine cysticercosis based on full carcass dissections of naturally Taenia solium infected pigs. Parasites & vectors. 2017;10(1):1-9.
20. Cederberg S, Sikasunge C, Andersson Å, Johansen M. In vitro efficacy testing of praziquantel, ivermectin, and oxfendazole against Taenia solium cysts. Journal of parasitology research. 2012;2012.
21. Bunu MI, Ndinteh DT, Macdonald JR, Langat MK, Isyaka SM, Sadgrove NJ, et al. Ecdysteroids from the stem bark of Vitex doniana sweet (Lamiaceae; ex. Verbenaceae): a geographically variable african medicinal species. Antibiotics. 2021;10(8):937.
22. Osuagwu G, Eme C. The phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Dialium guineense, Vitex doniana and Dennettia tripetala leaves. Asian J Nat Appl Sci. 2013;2(3):69-81.
23. Nyasse B, Nono J, Sonke B, Denier C, Fontaine C. Trypanocidal activity of bergenin, the major constituent of Flueggea virosa, on Trypanosoma brucei. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2004;59(6):492-4.
24. Kaigongi M, Musila F. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Tharaka people of Kenya. Int J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2015;1(1):1-8.
25. Maroyi A. Traditional use of medicinal plants in south-central Zimbabwe: review and perspectives. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. 2013;9:1-18.
26. Yones DA, Taher GA, Ibraheim ZZ. In vitro effects of some herbs used in Egyptian traditional medicine on viability of protoscolices of hydatid cysts. The Korean journal of parasitology. 2011;49(3):255.
27. Palomares-Alonso F, Piliado JC, Palencia G, Ortiz-Plata A, Jung-Cook H. Efficacy of nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide/albendazole sulphoxide combination against Taenia crassiceps cysts. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2007;59(2):212-8.
28. Ito A, Yanagida T, Nakao M. Recent advances and perspectives in molecular epidemiology of Taenia solium cysticercosis. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2016;40:357-67.
29. Chung W, Ko B. Treatment of Taenia saginata infection with mixture of areca nuts and pumpkin seeds. Zhonghua Minguo wei Sheng wu xue za zhi= Chinese Journal of Microbiology. 1976;9(1-2):31-5.
30. Li T, Chen X, Wang H, Openshaw JJ, Zhong B, Felt SA, et al. High prevalence of taeniasis and Taenia solium cysticercosis in children in western Sichuan, China. Acta tropica. 2019;199:105133.
31. Nakhare S, Garg S. ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ARTEMISIA PALLENS WALL*. Ancient Science of life. 1991;10(3):185-6.
32. Szewezuk V, Mongelli ER, Pomilio AB. Antiparasitic activity of Melia azadirach growing in Argentina. Mol Med Chem. 2003;1(1):54-5.
33. Tandon V, Das B, Kumar S. Proteases of Parasitic Helminths: Their Metabolic Role in Establishment of Infection in the Host. Proteases in Human Diseases. 2017:247-62.
34. Bizhani N. Herbal therapy and treatment of worm infections, emphasizing Taenia solium. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(11):1555.
35. Demma J, Gebre-Mariam T, Asres K, Ergetie W, Engidawork E. Toxicological study on Glinus lotoides: a traditionally used taenicidal herb in Ethiopia. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2007;111(3):451-7.
36. Singh A, Mishra A, Chaudhary R, Kumar V. Role of herbal plants in prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases. J Sci Res. 2020;64(1):50-8.
Published
2024-06-06
How to Cite
1.
Musale V, Mwape K, Chitanga S. The In vitro biological activity testing of Vitex doniana bark extract and Flueggea virosa root extract against Taenia solium metacestodes. Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences [Internet]. 6Jun.2024 [cited 21Nov.2024];7(4). Available from: https://humanities.unza.zm/index.php/JABS/article/view/1194
Section
Biomedical Sciences
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